Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume 23 , Pages 9-21 , February 2007

Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Treatment Continuum

  • Carol S. Viele

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Carol S. Viele, RN, MS, Hematology-Oncology-Bone Marrow Transplant, UCSF, Box 0210, 505 Parnassus, San Francisco, CA 94143

References 

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2006. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2006;Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/STT/contents/STT_1x_Cancer_Facts_Figures_2006.asp (accessed July 5 2006)
  2. Midgley R, Kerr D. Conventional cytotoxic and novel therapeutic concepts in colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Invest Drugs. 2001;10:1011–1019
  3. In:  Ries LAG,  Eisner MP,  Kosary CL, et al. editor. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2000. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2006;Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2000 (accessed September 5, 2006)
  4. Viale PH, Fung A, Zitella L. Advanced colorectal cancer: Current treatment and nursing management with economic considerations. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2005;9:541–552
  5. Colon and Rectal Cancer: Treatment Guidelines for Patients. Version IV/February 2006. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Cancer Society.
  6. Meyerhardt JA, Mayer RJ. Systemic therapy for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:476–487
  7. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;6:106–130
  8. Vogelstein B, Feron E, Hamilton S, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:525–532
  9. Wilkes GM. Therapeutic options in the management of colon cancer: 2005 update. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2005;9:31–44
  10. Venook A. Critical evaluation of current treatments in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2005;10:250–261
  11. Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Project (Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: Evidence in terms of response rate). J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:896–903
  12. Köhne CH, Schoffski P, Wilke H, et al. Effective biomodulation by leucovorin of high-dose infusion fluorouracil given as a weekly 24-hour infusion: Results of a randomized trial in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:418–426
  13. Douillard JY, Cunningham D, Roth AD, et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: A multicentre randomized trial. Lancet. 2000;355:1041–1047
  14. Thirion P, Michiels S, Pignon JP, et al. Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: An updated meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3766–3775
  15. Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD, et al. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998;352:1413–1418
  16. Rougier P, Van Cutsem E, Bajetta E, et al. Randomised trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1998;352:1407–1412
  17. Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, et al. Irinotecan Study Group Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:905–914
  18. Köhne CH, Van Cutsem E, Wils J, et al. Irinotecan improves the activity of the AIO regimen in metastatic colorectal cancer: Results of EORTC GI Group Study 40986. [abstract] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:254a
  19. Rougier P, Lepere C. Metastatic colorectal cancer: First- and second-line treatment in 2005. Semin Oncol. 2005;32(suppl 8):S15–S20
  20. Tournigand C, Andre T, Achille E, et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: A randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;229–237
  21. de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2938–2947
  22. Grothey A, Deschler B, Kroening H, et al. Phase III study of bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid (FA)/(Mayo) vs weekly high-dose 24h 5-FU infusion/FA + oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer. [abstr 512] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;21:129a
  23. Rothenberg ML, Oza AM, Bigelow RH, et al. Superiority of oxaliplatin and fluorouracil-leucovorin compared with either therapy alone in patients with progressive colorectal cancer after irinotecan and fluorouracil-leucovorin: Interim results of a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2059–2069
  24. Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Morton RF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:23–30
  25. Colucci G, Gebbia V, Paoletti G, et al. Phase III randomized trial of FOLFIRI versus FOLFOX4 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: A multicenter study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell’Italia Meridionale. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4866–4875
  26. Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Morton RF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of reduced-dose bolus fluorouracil plus leucovorin and irinotecan or infused fluorouracil plus leucovorin and oxaliplatin in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: A North American Intergroup Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3347–3353
  27. Köhne CH, Van Cutsem E, Wils J, et al. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Phase III study of weekly high-dose infusional fluorouracil plus folinic acid with or without irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Group Study 40986. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4856–4865
  28. Blanke CD. Whither irinotecan?. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4811–4814
  29. Sastre J, Marcuello E, Masutti B, et al. Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors Irinotecan in combination with fluorouracil in a 48-hour continuous infusion as first-line chemotherapy for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: A Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3545–3551
  30. Folprecht G, Rougier P, Saltz L, et al. Irinotecan in first line therapy of elderly and non-elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Meta-analysis of four trials investigating 5-FU and irinotecan. [abstr 3578] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:165s
  31. Labianca R, Floriani I, Cortesi E, et al. Alternating versus continuous “FOLFIRI” in advanced colorectal cancer (ACC): A randomized “GISCAD” trial. [abstr 3505] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:147s
  32. Grothey A, Sargent D, Goldberg RM, et al. Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil-leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1209–1214
  33. Falcone A, Masi G, Brunetti I, et al. The triplet combination of irinotecan, oxaliplatin and 5FU/LV (FOLFOXIRI) vs the doublet of irinotecan and 5FU/LV (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): Results of a randomized phase III trial by the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest (G.O.N.O.). [abstr 3513] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:149s
  34. Fuchs C, Marshall J, Mitchell E, et al. A randomized trial of first-line irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine combinations with or without celecoxib in metastatic colorectal cancer (BICC-C). [abstr 3506] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:147s
  35. Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, et al. Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Results of a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2282–2292
  36. Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, et al. Xeloda Colorectal Cancer Study Group Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Results of a large phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:4097–4106
  37. Patt Y, Lin E, Leibmann J, et al. Capecitabine plus irinotecan for chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC): US multicenter phase II trial. [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:281a
  38. Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Tabernero JM, et al. XELOX: mature results of a multinational, phase II trial of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin, an effective 1st line option for patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer. [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:255a
  39. Massuti B, Gomez A, Sastre J, et al. Randomized phase III trial of the TTD Group comparing capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) vs. oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in continuous infusion (FUFOX) as first line treatment in advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). [abstr 3580] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:165s
  40. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2335–2342
  41. Hedrick E, Hurwitz HI, Sarkar S, et al. Post-progression therapy (PPT) effect on survival in AVF2107, a phase III trial of bevacizumab in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). [abstr 3517] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2004;23:249a
  42. Mitchell EP, Alberts SR, Schwartz MA, et al. High-dose bevacizumab in combination with FOLFOX4 improves survival in patients with previously treated advanced colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study E3200. Proc Gastrointest Cancer Symp 2005.
  43. Sobrero A, Ackland S, Carrion RP, et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in combination with irinotecan and infusional 5-FU as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. [abstr 3544] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:157s
  44. Berry SR, Cunningham D, Michael M, et al. Preliminary safety of bevacizumab with first-line Folfox, Capox, Folfiri and capecitabine for mCRC—First B.E.A.Trial. [abstr 3534] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:154s
  45. Saltz LB, Meropol NJ, Loehrer PJ, et al. Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractory colorectal cancer that expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1201–1208
  46. Abubakr Y, Eng C, Wong L, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Safety analysis of 800 patients in a randomized phase III trial (EPIC). [abstr 3556] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:160s
  47. Smith DM, Legoux J, Brunet R, et al. Cetuximab in combination with irinotecan/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid (FA) (FOLFIRI) in second and third-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Safety and efficacy analysis. [abstr 3558] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:160s
  48. Dakhil S, Cosgriff T, Headley D, et al. Cetuximab + FOLFOX6 as first line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (An International Oncology Network study, I-03–002). [abstr 3557] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:160s
  49. US Food and Drug Administration, September 2006. Available at: www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2006/125147lbl.pdf (accessed October 11, 2006)
  50. Saltz LB. Metastatic colorectal cancer: Is there one standard approach?. Oncology. 2005;19:1147–1154
  51. Kelly H, Goldberg RM. Systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: Current options, current evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4553–4560
  52. Goldberg RM. Cetuximab. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;(suppl):S10–S11May
  53. Sanatani MS, Vincent M. Mathematization of risk and benefit for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: A graphical decision aid for patients and physicians. [abstr 3627] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:177s
  54. Borner M, Mingrone W, Koeberle D, et al. The impact of cetuximab on the capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) combination in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (MCC): A randomized phase II trial of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). [abstr 3551] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24:158s

PII: S0749-2081(06)00112-4

doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2006.08.002

Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume 23 , Pages 9-21 , February 2007