Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 55-70 , February 2007

Endocrine Effects of Breast Cancer Treatment

  • Carrie Tompkins Stricker

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Carrie Tompkins Stricker, MSN, CRNP, AOCN®, Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, 1428 Penn Tower - 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104

References 

  1. Hewitt M, Greenfield S, Stovall E. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2006;
  2. Partridge AH, Winer EP. Long-term complications of adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer. Breast Disease. 2004;21:55–64
  3. Hudson MM. A model for care across the cancer continuum. Cancer. 2005;104(suppl 11):2638–2642
  4. Carlson RW, Brown E, Burstein HJ, et al. NCCN Task Force Report: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. J Natl Comp Cancer Ntwk. 2006;4(suppl 1):S1–S26
  5. Oktay K, Nugent D, Newton H, et al. Isolation and characterization of primordial follicles from fresh and cryopreserved human ovarian tissue. Fertility Sterility. 1997;67:481–486
  6. Lobo RA. Potential options for preservation of fertility in women. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:64–73
  7. Bines J, Oleske DM, Cobleigh MA. Ovarian function in premenopausal women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1718–1729
  8. Knobf MT. The influence of endocrine effects of adjuvant therapy on quality of life outcomes in younger breast cancer survivors. Oncologist. 2006;11:96–110
  9. Partridge AH, Gelber S, Gelber R, et al. Delayed premature menopause following chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer: long-term results from IBCSG trial V. [abstract] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:687
  10. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, et al. Risk of menopause during the first year after breast cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2365–2370
  11. Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD, Castiglione M. The magnitude of endocrine effects of adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal breast cancer patients (The International Breast Cancer Study Group). Ann Oncol. 1990;1:183–188
  12. Petrek JA, Naughton MJ, Case LD, et al. Incidence, time course, and determinants of menstrual bleeding after breast cancer treatment: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1045–1051
  13. Sonmezer M, Oktay K. Fertility preservation in young women undergoing breast cancer therapy. Oncologist. 2006;11:422–434
  14. Ganz PA. Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer: no pain, no gain?. Breast Diseases: A Year Book Quarterly. 2006;16:320–322
  15. Mom CH, Buijs C, Willemse PH, et al. Hot flushes in breast cancer patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;57:63–77
  16. Gupta P, Sturdee DW, Palin SL, et al. Menopausal symptoms in women treated for breast cancer: the prevalence and severity of symptoms and their perceived effects on quality of life. Climacteric. 2006;9:49–58
  17. Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA, Cordova M, et al. Hot flashes in postmenopausal women treated for breast carcinoma: prevalence, severity, correlates, management, and relation to quality of life. Cancer. 1998;82:1682–1691
  18. Carpenter JS, Johnson D, Wagner L, et al. Hot flashes and related outcomes in breast cancer survivors and matched comparison women. Oncol Nurs Forum Online. 2002;29:E16–E25
  19. Carpenter JS. Hot flashes and their management in breast cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2000;16:214–225
  20. Zibecchi L, Greendale GA, Ganz PA. Comprehensive menopausal assessment: an approach to managing vasomotor and urogenital symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2003;30:393–405
  21. Kronenberg F. Hot flashes: phenomenology, quality of life, and search for treatment options. Exp Gerontol. 1994;29:319–336
  22. Freedman R. Hot flashes: behavioral treatments, mechanisms, and relation to sleep. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 2):124–130
  23. Couzi RJ, Heelzlsouer KJ, Fetting JH. Prevalence of menopausal symptoms among women with a history of breast cancer and attitudes toward estrogen replacement therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2737–2744
  24. Fellowes D, Fallowfield LJ, Saunders CM, et al. Tolerability of hormone therapies for breast cancer: how informative are documented symptom profiles in medical notes for ‘well-tolerated’ treatments?. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;66:73–81
  25. Ganz P. Menopause and breast cancer. Innov Breast Cancer Care. 1997;2:42–47
  26. Ganz PA, Rowland JH, Desmond K, et al. Life after breast cancer: understanding women’s health related quality of life and sexual functioning. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:501–514
  27. Young-McCaughan S. Sexual functioning in women with breast cancer after treatment with adjuvant therapy. Cancer Nurs. 1996;19:308–319
  28. Whelan TJ, Goss PE, Ingle JN, et al. Assessment of quality of life in MA.17: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6931–6940
  29. Coombes RC, Hall E, Gibson LJ, et al. A randomized trial of exemestane after two to three years of tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1081–1092
  30. Fallowfield L, Cella D, Cuzick J, et al. Quality of life of postmenopausal women in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) adjuvant breast cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4261–4271
  31. Nystedt M, Berglund G, Bolund C, et al. Randomized trial of adjuvant tamoxifen and/or goserelin in premenopausal breast cancer-self rated physiological effects and symptoms. Acta Oncologica. 2000;39:959–968
  32. Hickey M, Saunders CM, Stuckey B. Management of menopausal symptoms in patients with breast cancer: an evidence-based approach. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:687–695
  33. Holmberg L, Anderson H. HABITS (Hormone Replacement Therapy after Breast Cancer - is it safe?), a randomized comparison: trial stopped. Lancet. 2004;363:453–455
  34. Batur P, Blixen CE, Moore HC, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) in patients with breast cancer. Maturitas. 2006;53:123–132
  35. Loprinzi C, Levitt R, Barton D, et al. Phase III comparison of depomedroxyprogesterone acetate to venlafaxine for managing hot flashes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N99C7. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1409–1414
  36. Loprinzi C, Michalak J, Quella S, et al. Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:347–352
  37. Quella S, Loprinzi C, Sloan J, et al. Long term use of megestrol acetate by cancer survivors for the treatment of hot flashes. Cancer. 1998;82:1784–1788
  38. Barton D, Loprinzi C, Quella S, et al. Depomedroxyprogesterone acetate for hot flashes. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;24:603–607
  39. Bertelli G, Venturini M, Del Mastro L, et al. Intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone versus oral megestrol for the control of post-menopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a randomized study. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:883–888
  40. Landgren M, Bennink H, Helmond F, et al. Dose-response analysis of effects of tibolone on climacteric symptoms. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;109:1109–1114
  41. Biglia N, Torta R, Roagna R, et al. Evaluation of low-does venlafaxine hydrochloride for the therapy of hot flushes in breast cancer survivors. Maturitas. 2005;52:78–85
  42. Loprinzi CL, Kugler JW, Sloan JA, et al. Venlafaxine in management of hot flashes in survivors of breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356:2059–2063
  43. Stearns V, Beebe KL, Iyengar M, et al. Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2827–2834
  44. Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Perez EA, et al. Phase III evaluation of fluoxetine for treatment of hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1578–1583
  45. Kimmick GG, Lovato J, McQuellon R, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of sertraline (Zoloft) for the treatment of hot flashes in women with early stage breast cancer taking tamoxifen. Breast J. 2006;12:114–122
  46. Evans M, Pritts E, Vittinghoff E, et al. Management of postmenopausal hot flushes with venlafaxine hydrochloride: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:161–166
  47. Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Koivunen R, Sundstrom H, et al. Citalopram and fluoxetine in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: a prospective, randomized, 9-month, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Menopause. 2005;12:18–26
  48. Stearns V, Johnson M, Rae J, et al. Active tamoxifen metabolite plasma concentrations after coadministration of tamoxifen and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1758–1764
  49. Jin Y, Desta Z, Stearns V, et al. CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:30–39
  50. Loprinzi C, Stearns V, Barton D. Centrally active nonhormonal hot flash therapies. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 2):118–123
  51. Pandya K, Morrow G, Roscoe J, et al. Gabapentin for hot flashes in 420 women with breast cancer: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:818–824
  52. Guttuso T, Kurlan R, McDermott M, et al. Gabapentin’s effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:337–345
  53. Laufer L, Erlik Y, Meldrum D, et al. Effect of clonidine on hot flashes in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol. 1982;60:583–586
  54. Nagamani M, Kelver M, Smith E. Treatment of menopausal hot flashes with transdermal administration of clonidine. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156:561–565
  55. Pandya K, Raubertas R, Flynn P, et al. Oral clonidine in post-menopausal patients with breast cancer experiencing tamoxifen-induced hot flashes: a University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:788–793
  56. Goldberg R, Loprinzi C, O’Fallon J, et al. Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:155–158
  57. Aiello E, Yasui Y, Tworoger S, et al. Effects of a yearlong, moderate-intensity exercise intervention on the occurrence and severity of menopause symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2004;11:382–388
  58. Ueda M. A 12-week structured education and exercise program improved climacteric symptoms in middle-aged women. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2004;23:143–148
  59. Lindh-Astrand L, Nedstrand E, Wyon Y, et al. Vasomotor symptoms and quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women randomized to physical activity or estrogen therapy. Maturitas. 2004;48:97–105
  60. Carpenter JS, Wells N, Lambert B, et al. A pilot study of magnetic therapy for hot flashes after breast cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25:104–109
  61. Jacobs J, Herman P, Heron K, et al. Homeopathy for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11:21–27
  62. Winther K, Rein E, Hedman C. Femal, a herbal remedy made from pollen extracts, reduces hot flushes and improves quality of life in menopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study. Climacteric. 2005;8:162–170
  63. Freedman R, Woodward S. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:436–439
  64. Germaine L, Freedman R. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flashes: evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:1072–1079
  65. Irvin J, Domar A, Clark C, et al. The effects of relaxation response training on menopausal symptoms. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 1996;17:202–207
  66. Wyon Y, Wijma K, Nedstrand E, et al. A comparison of acupuncture and oral estradiol treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2004;7:153–164
  67. Nedstrand E, Wijma K, Wyon Y, et al. Vasomotor symptoms decrease in women with breast cancer randomized to treatment with applied relaxation or electro-acupuncture: a preliminary study. Climacteric. 2005;8:243–250
  68. Filshie J, Bolton T, Browne D, et al. Acupuncture and self acupuncture for long-term treatment of vasomotor symptoms in cancer patients–audit and treatment algorithm. Acupunct Med. 2005;23:171–180
  69. Krebs E, Ensrud K, MacDonald R, et al. Phytoestrogens for treatment of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:824–836
  70. Jacobson JS, Troxel AB, Evans J, et al. Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:2739–2745
  71. Pockaj B, Loprinzi C, Sloan J, et al. Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Cancer Invest. 2004;22:515–521
  72. Lontos S, Jones R, Angus P, et al. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. Med J Aust. 2003;179:390–391
  73. Barton D, Loprinzi C, Quella S, et al. Prospective evaluation of vitamin E for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:495–500
  74. Keefer L, Blanchard E. A behavioral group treatment program for menopausal hot flashes: results of a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2005;30:21–30
  75. Schover L, Jenkins R, Sui D, et al. Randomized trial of peer counseling on reproductive health in African American breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1620–1626
  76. Ganz PA, Greendale GA, Petersen L, et al. Managing menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1054–1064
  77. Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. SOCG Clinical Practice Guidelines (The detection and management of vaginal atrophy). Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2005;88:222–228
  78. Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo M, Villero J, et al. Management of post-menopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Maturitas. 2005;52S:S46–S52
  79. Bachmann G, Nevadunsky N. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:3090–3096
  80. Anderson E, Forrest A, Hawkins R, et al. Primary systemic therapy for operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1991;63:561–566
  81. Kalogeraki A, Tamiolakis D, Relakis K, et al. Cigarette smoking and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. In Vivo. 1996;10:597–600
  82. Cardozo L, Bachmann G, McClish D, et al. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the hormones and urogenital therapy committee. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:722–727
  83. Barentsen R, van de Weijer PH, Schram JH. Continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring versus vaginal cream for urogenital atrophy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1997;71:73–80
  84. Dew J, Wren B, Eden J. A cohort study of topical vaginal estrogen therapy in women previously treated for breast cancer. Climacteric. 2003;6:45–52
  85. Kendall AH, Dowsett M, Folkerd EJ, et al. Vaginal estrogens appear to be contraindicated in postmenopausal women on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors. [abstract] Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;94(suppl 1):6044
  86. Johnston A. Estrogens - pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics with special reference to vaginal administration and the new estradiol formulation - Estring. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1996;163(suppl):16–25
  87. Handa V, Bachus K, Johnston W, et al. Vaginal administration of low-dose conjugated estrogens: systemic absorption and effects on the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84:215–218
  88. Henriksson L, Stjernquist M, Boquist L, et al. A one-year mulitcenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:85–92
  89. Bygdeman M, Swahn ML. Replens versus dienoestrol cream in the symptomatic treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1996;23:259–263
  90. Nachtigall L. Comparative study: replens vs. local estrogen in menopausal women. Fertil Steril. 1994;61:178–180
  91. Partridge AH, Gelber S, Peppercorn J, et al. Web-based survey of fertility issues in young women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4174–4183
  92. Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Recommendations for Fertility Preservation in Cancer Patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2917–2931
  93. Schover L, Brey K, Lichtin A, et al. Knowledge and experience regarding cancer, infertility, and sperm banking in younger male survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1880–1889
  94. Fossa S, Aass N, Molne K. Is routine pre-treatment cryopreservation of semen worthwhile in the management of patients with testicular cancer?. Br J Urol. 1989;64:524–529
  95. Schover L, Rybicki L, Martin B, et al. Having children after cancer: a pilot survey of survivors’ attitudes and experiences. Cancer. 1999;86:697–709
  96. Partridge A, Schapira L. Pregnancy and breast cancer: epidemiology, treatment, and safety issues. Oncology (Huntingt). 2005;19:693–700
  97. Fanale MA, Uyei AR, Theriault RL, et al. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with trastuzumab and vinorelbine during pregnancy. Clin Breast Cancer. 2005;6:354–356
  98. Waterston AM, Graham J. Effect of adjuvant trastuzumab on pregnancy. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:321–322
  99. Barthelmes L, Gateley CA. Tamoxifen and pregnancy. Breast. 2004;13:446–451
  100. Oktay K. Further evidence on the safety and success of ovarian stimulation with letrozole and tamoxifen in breast cancer patients undergoing in vitro fertilization to cryopreserve their embryos for fertility preservation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3858–3859
  101. Oktay K, Buyuk E, Libertella N, et al. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: a prospective controlled comparison of ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen and letrozole for embryo cryopreservation. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4347–4353
  102. Oktay K, Buyuk E, Davis O, et al. Fertility preservation in breast cancer patients: IVF and embryo cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation with tamoxifen. Hum Reprod. 2003;18:90–95
  103. Oktay K, Buyuk E. Ovarian transplantation in humans: indications, techniques and the risk of reseeding cancer. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;113(suppl 1):S45–S47
  104. Fox KR, Scialla J, Moore H. Preventing chemotherapy-associated amenorrhea (CRA) with leuprolide during adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. [abstract 50] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:528
  105. Recchia F, Saggio G, Amiconi G, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues added to adjuvant chemotherapy protect ovarian function and improve clinical outcomes in young women with early breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;106:514–523
  106. Tilstone C. UK clinicians to screen embryos for BRCA mutations. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:358
  107. Theriault R, Biermann J, Brown E, et al. NCCN Task Force Report: Bone Health and Cancer Care. J Natl Compr Cancer Ntwk. 2006;4(suppl 2):S-1–S-20
  108. Winer EP, Hudis C, Burstein HJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology technology assessment working group update: use of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2597–2599
  109. World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis: Report of a WHO Scientific Group. WHO Technical Report Series. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_921.pdf. (accessed April 24, 2006).
  110. Boonen S, Laan RF, Barton IP, et al. Effect of osteoporosis treatments on risk of non-vertebral fractures: review and meta-analysis of intention-to-treat studies. Osteoporosis Int. 2005;16:1291–1298
  111. Cummings SR, Bates D, Black DM. Clinical use of bone densitometry: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;288:1889–1897
  112. Love RR, Mazess RB, Barden HS. Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in post-menopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:852–856
  113. Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH, et al. Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:327–334
  114. Bringhurst FR, Demay MB, Krane SM, et al. Bone and mineral metabolism in health and disease. In:  Kasper DL,  Braunwald E,  Fauci AS,  Hauser SL,  Longo DL,  Jameson JL editor. Harrison’s Internal Medicine. Ed 16. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005;p. 2238–2249
  115. Hillner BE, Ingle JN, Chlebowski RT, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2003 update on the role of bisphosphonates and bone health issues in women with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4042–4057
  116. Saarto T, Blomqvist C, Valimaki M, et al. Chemical castration induced by adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy causes rapid bone loss that is reduced by clodronate: a randomized study in premenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1341–1347
  117. Vehmanen L, Elomaa I, Blomqvist C, et al. Tamoxifen treatment after adjuvant chemotherapy has opposite effects on bone mineral density in premenopausal patients depending on menstrual status. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:675–680
  118. Bruning PF, Pit MJ, de Jong-Bakker M, et al. Bone mineral density after adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 1990;61:308–310
  119. Vehmanen L, Saarto T, Risteli J, et al. Short-term intermittent intravenous clodronate in the prevention of bone loss related to chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;87:181–188
  120. Shapiro CL, Manola J, Leboff M. Ovarian failure after adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with rapid bone loss in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3306–3311
  121. Saarto T, Blomquist C, Valimaki M, et al. Chemical castration induced by adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy causes rapid bone loss that is reduced by clodronate: a randomized study in premenopausal breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1341–1347
  122. Filipponi P, Pedetti M, Fedeli L, et al. Cyclic clodronate is effective in preventing postmenopausal bone loss: a comparative study with transcutaneous hormone replacement therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:697–703
  123. Genant HK, Cann CE, Ettinger B, et al. Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: A sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:699–705
  124. Vehmanen L, Saarto T, Elomaa I, et al. Long-term impact of chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure on bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal breast cancer patients (The effect of adjuvant clodronate treatment). Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2373–2378
  125. Saarto T, Blomqvist C, Valimaki M, et al. Clodronate improves bone mineral density in post-menopausal breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant antioestrogens. Br J Cancer. 1997;75:602–605
  126. Eastell R, Hannon R. Long-term effects of aromatase inhibitors on bone. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol. 2005;95:151–154
  127. Sverrisdottir A, Fornander T, Jacobsson H, et al. Bone mineral density among premenopausal women with early breast cancer in a randomized trial of adjuvant endocrine therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3694–3699
  128. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1371–1388
  129. Gnant M, Jakesz R, Mlineritsch B, et al. Zoledronic acid effectively counteracts cancer treatment induced bone loss (CTIBL) in premenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment with goserelin plus anastrozole versus goserelin plus tamoxifen-bone density subprotocol results of a randomized multicenter trial (ABCSG-12). [abstract] Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;88(suppl 1):S8
  130. Baum M, Buzdar A, Cuzick J, et al. Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination) trial efficacy and safety update analyses. Cancer. 2003;98:1802–1810
  131. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1262–1271
  132. Howell A. Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 2-year results of the ‘Arimidex’ (anastrazole), tamoxifen, alone or in combination (ATAC) trial. [abstract] Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;82(suppl 1):S27
  133. Coleman RE, Banks RM, Hall E, et al. Intergroup Exemestane Study: 1 year results of the bone subprotocol. [abstract] Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;88(suppl 1):S35
  134. Lonning PE, Geisler J, Krag LE, et al. Effects of exemestane administered for 2 years versus placebo on bone mineral density, bone biomarkers, and plasma lipids in patients with surgically resected early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5126–5137
  135. Perez EA, Josse RG, Pritchard KI, et al. Effect of letrozole versus placebo on bone mineral density in women completing >5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen: NCIC CTG MA-17B. [abstract] Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;88(suppl 1):S36
  136. Coleman RE. Effect of anastrazole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the ’Armidex’, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial. [abstract] J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5S
  137. National Osteoporosis Foundation. NOF Physician’s Guidelines. September 2005. Pharmacologic Options. Available at: http://www.nof.org/professionals/clinical.htm. (accessed April 20, 2006).
  138. United States Preventive Services Task Force (U.S.P.S.T.F.). Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:526–528
  139. Lindsay R, Cosman F. Osteoporosis. In:  Kasper DL,  Braunwald E,  Fauci AS,  Hauser SL,  Longo DL,  Jameson JL editor. Harrison’s Internal Medicine. Ed 16. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005;p. 2268–2278
  140. Van Poznak C, Sauter N. Clinical management of osteoporosis in women with a history of breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;104:443–456
  141. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporosis Int. 2001;12:989–995
  142. Cranney A, Guyatt G, Griffith L, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis (IX: Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis). Endocrine Rev. 2002;23:570–578
  143. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:669–683
  144. Finkelstein JS. Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women–bone appetit?. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:750–752
  145. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis (VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Endocrine Rev. 2002;23:552–559
  146. Brufsky A, Harker G, Beck T, et al. Zoledronic acid effectively inhibits cancer treatment-induced bone loss in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole: 12-month BMD results of the Z-FAST trial. [abstract] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:533
  147. Brown JE, Lester J, Ellis S, et al. Can an annual infusion of zoledronic acid protect against cancer-treatment induced bone loss?. [abstract] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8023
  148. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, et al. Ten years’ experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1189–1199
  149. Farrugia MC, Summerlin DJ, Krowiak E, et al. Osteonecrosis of the mandible or maxilla associated with the use of new generation bisphosphonates. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:115–120
  150. Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, et al. Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63:1567–1575
  151. Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis (IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Endocrine Rev. 2002;23:524–528
  152. Ramaswamy B, Shapiro CL. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with breast cancer. Semin Oncol. 2003;30:763–775
  153. Chesnut CH, Silverman S, Andriano K, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study (PROOF Study Group). Am J Med. 2000;109:267–276
  154. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1701–1712
  155. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–333

 Supported in part by a training grant from the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program (under DAMD 17-03-1-0535) and a doctoral scholarship in Cancer Nursing from the American Cancer Society (DSCN- 05-183-01).

PII: S0749-2081(06)00159-8

doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2006.11.006

Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume 23, Issue 1 , Pages 55-70 , February 2007

Article Tools