Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume 25, Issue 1 , Pages 15-31 , February 2009

Prevention and Screening of Gastrointestinal Cancers

  • Suzanne M. Mahon

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Suzanne M. Mahon, RN, DNSc, AOCN®, APNG, 3rd Floor West Pavilion, Saint Louis University Cancer Center, 3655 Vista, St. Louis, MO 63110.

References 

  1. Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:788–797
  2. Yeoh KG. How do we improve outcomes for gastric cancer?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:970–972
  3. Bonino JA, Sharma P. Barrett's esophagus. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22:406–411
  4. Rockey AD. What you need to know about Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology Nurs. 2002;25:237–240
  5. Robertson EV, Jankowski JA. Genetics of gastroesophageal cancer: paradigms, paradoxes and prognostic utility. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:443–449
  6. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:71–96
  7. Bernard L, Lieberman D, McFarland D, et al. for the American Cancer Society Colorectal Cancer Advisory Group, the US Multi-Society Task Force, and the American College of Radiology Colon Cancer Committee Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008. A Joint Guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;4:130–160
  8. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures – 2008. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2008;
  9. Levin B, Barthel JS, Burt RW, et al. Colorectal cancer screening clinical practice guidelines. J Natl Comp Cancer Network. 2006;4:384–420
  10. Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Genomic medicine: hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:919–932
  11. Lynch HT, Lynch PM. Clinical selection of candidates for mutational testing for cancer susceptibility. Oncology. 2006;20(suppl):29–34
  12. Hendriks YMC, de Jong AE, Morreau H, et al. Diagnostic approach and management of Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma): a guide for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:213–225
  13. Burt R, Neklason DW. Genetic testing for inherited colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:1696–1716
  14. Boland CR. Decoding hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2815–2817
  15. Umar AC, Boland R, Terdiman JP, et al. Revised Bethesda guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:261–268
  16. Vasen HFA, Watson P, Mecklin JP, et al. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative Group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1453–1456
  17. Balmana J, Stockwell DH, Steyerberg EW, et al. Prediction of MLH1 and MSH2 mutations in Lynch syndrome. JAMA. 2006;296:1469–1478
  18. Calvert PM, Frucht H. The genetics of colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:603–612
  19. Jeter JM, Kohlmann W, Gruber SB. Genetics of colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2006;20:269–276
  20. Nielsen M, Franken PF, Reinards TH, et al. Multiplicity in polyp count and extracolonic manifestations in 40 Dutch patients with MYH associated polyposis coli (MAP). J Med Genet. 2005;42:e54
  21. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee. Preventing Cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54:190–207
  22. Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:254–281
  23. Hendon SH, DiPalma JA. U.S. practices for colon cancer screening. Keio J Med. 2005;54:179–183
  24. Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL, Holmes MD, et al. Physical activity and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3527–3534
  25. Zisman AL, Nickolov A, Brand RE, et al. Associations between the age at diagnosis and location of colorectal cancer and the use of alcohol and tobacco. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:629–634
  26. Gann PH, Manson JE, Glynn RJ, et al. Low-dose aspirin and incidence of colorectal tumors in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:1220–1224
  27. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:891–899
  28. Sandler RS, Halabi S, Baron JA, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:883–890
  29. Ruschoff J, Wallinger S, Dietmaier W, et al. Aspirin suppresses the mutator phenotype associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer by genetic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:11301–11306
  30. Torrance CJ, Jackson PE, Montgomery E, et al. Combinatorial chemoprevention of intestinal neoplasia. Nat Med. 2000;6:1024–1028
  31. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Krush AJ, et al. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1313–1316
  32. Clapper ML, Chang WC, Meropol NJ. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2001;13:307–313
  33. Rostom A, Dube C, Lewin G, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammoatry drugs and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inihibors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:376–389
  34. Dube C, Rostom A, Lewin G, et al. The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:365–375
  35. Winawaer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:544–560
  36. Pigone M, Rich M, Teutsch SM, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in adults at average risk: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. xx Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:132–141
  37. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1996;348:1472–1477
  38. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, et al. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet. 1996;348:1467–1471
  39. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood, Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1365–1371
  40. Allison JE, Tekawa IS, Ransom LJ, et al. A comparison of fecal occult-blood tests for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:155–159
  41. Collins JF, Lieberman DA, Durbin TE, et al. Accuracy of screening for fecal occult blood on a single stool sample obtained by digital rectal examination: a comparison with recommended sampling practice. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:81–85
  42. Ransohoff DF, Lang CA. Screening for colorectal cancer with the fecal occult blood test: a background paper. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:811–822
  43. Smith A, Young GP, Cole SR, et al. Comparison of a brush-sampling fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin with a sensitive guaiac-based fecal occult blood test in detection of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer. 2006;107:2152–2159
  44. Whitney D, Skoletsky J, Moore K, et al. Enhanced retrieval of DNA from human fecal samples results in improved performance of colorectal cancer screening test. J Mol Diagn. 2004;6:386–395
  45. Olson J, Whitney DH, Durkee K, et al. DNA stabilization is critical for maximizing performance of fecal DNA-based colorectal cancer tests. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2005;14:183–191
  46. Brand RE, Ross ME, Shuber AP. Reproducibility of a multitarget stool-based DNA assay for colorectal cancer detection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1338–1341
  47. Levin TR, Farraye FA, Schoen RE, et al. Quality in the technical performance of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy: recommendations of an international multi-society task group. Gut. 2005;54:807–813
  48. Wallace MB, Kemp JA, Meyer F, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer with flexible sigmoidoscopy by nonphysician endoscopists. Am J Med. 1999;107:214–218
  49. Atkin W, Rogers P, Cardwell C, et al. Wide variation in adenoma detection rates at screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1247–1256
  50. Gross CP, Andersen MS, Krumholz HM, et al. Relation between Medicare screening reimbursement and stage at diagnosis for older patients with colon cancer. JAMA. 2006;296:2815–2822
  51. Bond JH. Colon polyps and cancer. Endoscopy. 2003;35:27–35
  52. Rex DK, Imperiale TF, Latinovich DR, et al. Impact of bowel preparation on efficiency and cost of colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1696–1700
  53. Citarda F, Tomaselli G, Capocaccia R, et al. Efficacy in standard clinical practice of colonoscopic polypectomy in reducing colorectal cancer incidence. Gut. 2001;48:812–815
  54. Mysliwiec PA, Brown ML, Klabunde CN, et al. Are physicians doing too much colonoscopy? A national survey of colorectal surveillance after polypectomy. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:264–271
  55. Farrar WD, Sawhney MS, Nelson DB, et al. Colorectal cancers found after a complete colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1259–1264
  56. Pickhardt PJ, Nugent PA, Mysliwiec PA, et al. Location of adenomas missed by optical colonoscopy. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:352–359
  57. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:143–159
  58. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1865–1871
  59. Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1766–1772
  60. Zalis ME, Perumpillichira J, Del Frate C, et al. CT colonography: digital subtraction bowel cleansing with mucosal reconstruction initial observations. Radiology. 2003;226:911–917
  61. Halligan S, Altman DG, Taylor SA, et al. CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology. 2005;237:893–904
  62. Mulhall BP, Veerappan GR, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: computed tomographic colonography. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:635–650
  63. Pickhardt PJ. Incidence of colonic perforation at CT colonography: review of existing data and implications for screening of asymptomatic adults. Radiology. 2006;239:313–316
  64. Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ. Extracolonic findings identified in asymptomatic adults at screening CT colonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:718–728
  65. Gluecker TM, Johnson CD, Wilson LA, et al. Extracolonic findings at CT colonography: evaluation of prevalence and cost in a screening population. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:911–916
  66. Zalis ME, Barish MA, Choi JR, et al. CT colonography reporting and data system: a consensus proposal. Radiology. 2005;236:3–9
  67. Kim DH, Pickhardt PJ, Taylor AJ. Characteristics of advanced adenomas detected at CT colonographic screening: implications for appropriate polyp size thresholds for polypectomy versus surveillance. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:940–944
  68. Rockey DC, Barish M, Brill JV, et al. Standards for gastroenterologists for performing and interpreting diagnostic computed tomographic colonography. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:1005–1024
  69. Meissner HI, Breen N, Klabunde CN, et al. Patterns of colorectal cancer screening uptake among men and women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:389–394
  70. Byers T, Levin B, Rothenberger D, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: update 1997. American Cancer Society Detection and Treatment Advisory Group on Colorectal Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 1997;47:154–160
  71. Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2005. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005/ (based on November 2007 SEER data submission) (accessed Dec 17, 2008)
  72. Lu KH, Broaddus RR. Gynecologic cancers in Lynch syndrome/HNPCC. Familial Cancer. 2005;4:249–254
  73. Lindor NM, Petersen GM, Hadley DW, et al. Recommendations for the care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to Lynch Syndrome. JAMA. 2006;296:1507–1517
  74. Guillem JC, Wood WC, Moley JF, et al. ASCO/SSO Review of current role of risk-reducing surgery in common hereditary syndromes. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4642–4660
  75. Wee CC, McCarthy EP, Phillips RS. Factors associated with colon cancer screening: the role of patient factors and physician counseling. Prev Med. 2005;41:23–29
  76. Roy HK, Backman V, Goldberg MJ. Colon cancer screening. The good, the bad, and the ugly. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:2177–2179
  77. Azrychanski R, Chen Y, Bernstein CN, et al. Frequency of colorectal cancer screening and the impact of family physicians on screening behaviour. CMAJ. 2007;177:593–597
  78. Sarfaty M, Wender R. How to increase colorectal cancer screening rates in practice. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:354–356

PII: S0749-2081(08)00078-8

doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2008.10.007

Seminars in Oncology Nursing
Volume 25, Issue 1 , Pages 15-31 , February 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution